TDD with Claude Code

Confidence: Tier 1, based on official Anthropic best practices and extensive community validation.

Test-Driven Development with Claude requires explicit prompting. Claude naturally writes implementation first, then tests. TDD requires the inverse.

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Table of Contents

1. TL;DR
2. The Problem
3. Setup
4. The Red-Green-Refactor Cycle
5. Integration with Claude Code Features
6. Anti-Patterns
7. Advanced Patterns
8. See Also

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TL;DR

Red → Green → Refactor

But you MUST prompt Claude explicitly:
"Write a FAILING test for [feature]. Do NOT write implementation yet."

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The Problem

Without explicit instruction, Claude will:

1. Write implementation code
2. Then write tests that pass against that implementation

This defeats TDD's purpose: tests should drive design, not validate existing code.

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Setup

CLAUDE.md Configuration

Add to your project's CLAUDE.md:

## Testing Conventions

### TDD Workflow
- Always write failing tests BEFORE implementation
- Use AAA pattern: Arrange-Act-Assert
- One assertion per test when possible
- Test names describe behavior: "should_return_empty_when_no_items"

### Test-First Rules
- When I ask for a feature, write tests first
- Tests should FAIL initially (no implementation exists)
- Only after tests are written, implement minimal code to pass

Hook for Auto-Run Tests (Optional)

Create .claude/hooks/test-on-save.sh:

#!/bin/bash
# Auto-run tests when test files change
if [[ "$1" == *test* ]] || [[ "$1" == *spec* ]]; then
  npm test --watchAll=false 2>&1 | head -20
fi

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The Red-Green-Refactor Cycle

Phase 1: Red (Write Failing Test)

Prompt:

Write a failing test for [feature description].
Do NOT write the implementation yet.
The test should fail because the function/method doesn't exist.

Example:

Write a failing test for a function that calculates the total price
of items in a cart, applying a 10% discount if total exceeds $100.
Do NOT implement the function yet.

Expected Claude behavior:

• Creates test file with test cases
• Tests reference function that doesn't exist
• Running tests would fail with "function not defined" or similar

Verification:

npm test  # Should fail with "calculateCartTotal is not defined"

Phase 2: Green (Minimal Implementation)

Prompt:

Now implement the minimum code to make these tests pass.
Only write enough code to pass the current tests, nothing more.

Expected Claude behavior:

• Creates implementation file
• Writes minimal code to satisfy tests
• Avoids over-engineering

Verification:

npm test  # Should pass

Phase 3: Refactor (Clean Up)

Prompt:

Refactor the implementation to improve code quality.
Tests must stay green after refactoring.
Focus on: [readability / performance / removing duplication]

Expected Claude behavior:

• Improves code without changing behavior
• Runs tests to verify they still pass
• Documents any significant changes

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Integration with Claude Code Features

With TodoWrite

Track TDD phases in your task list:

User: "Implement user authentication with TDD"

Claude creates todos:
- [ ] RED: Write failing tests for login
- [ ] GREEN: Implement login to pass tests
- [ ] REFACTOR: Clean up login implementation
- [ ] RED: Write failing tests for logout
- [ ] GREEN: Implement logout
- [ ] REFACTOR: Clean up

With Plan Mode

Use planning for test strategy:

[Press Shift+Tab to enter Plan Mode]

I need to implement a shopping cart with TDD.
Plan the test cases before we start writing any code.

Claude will explore codebase in read-only mode, then propose test plan before any implementation.

With Hooks

Auto-run tests after edits using a PostToolUse hook:

// In .claude/settings.json
{
  "hooks": {
    "PostToolUse": [
      {
        "matcher": "Edit|Write",
        "hooks": [
          {
            "type": "command",
            "command": "npm test --watchAll=false 2>&1 | head -20"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

With Sub-Agents

Delegate test writing to scope-focused agent:

Use the test-writer agent to create comprehensive tests for
the UserService class, covering all edge cases.
Then I'll implement to pass those tests.

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Anti-Patterns

The Verification Gap

The Verification Gap is the failure mode where an agent reports a feature complete before the verification suite confirms it. It is the most common reliability failure in multi-session agent work, and it is entirely preventable with the right harness design.

Three observable symptoms: the agent prints a success message before any test command runs; tests run but stderr is discarded or not read; only unit tests pass when the acceptance criteria specified end-to-end behavior.

The fix is a three-layer verification stack that must all pass before any feature is marked passing in the feature list:

1. Lint: syntax and style checks (fastest, catches obvious errors before running tests)
2. Unit and integration tests: functional correctness of individual components
3. End-to-end tests: behavioral contract as seen by a user or external caller

Each layer catches a different class of failure. Unit tests can pass while component boundaries break. End-to-end tests surface state propagation errors and lifecycle issues that unit tests cannot see. Skipping any layer leaves a gap.

The independent evaluator principle: the agent that writes the code must not be the same invocation that certifies it done. This is not about distrust of the model; it is about how context affects evaluation. An agent that just spent two hours building a feature interprets ambiguous output charitably. A PostToolUse hook or a second agent reading the exit code independently does not. The hook in examples/hooks/bash/verification-gate.sh implements this pattern.

Anthropic documented this failure in their harness design research: in a bare run (no harness), their agent reported the game editor complete after 20 minutes. Nothing worked. With an independent evaluator added to the harness, the same model ran for 6 hours and delivered a functional result. (Source: https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/harness-design-long-running-apps)

The WIP=1 rule connects here: keeping only one feature active at a time means the verification gap, when it occurs, affects one feature, not several simultaneously.

What NOT to do

Anti-Pattern	Why It's Wrong	Correct Approach
"Write tests for this feature"	Claude implements first	"Write FAILING tests that don't exist yet"
"Add tests and implementation"	Loses test-first benefit	Separate into two prompts
"Make sure tests pass"	Encourages implementation-first	"Write tests, then implement minimally"
Skipping refactor phase	Accumulates technical debt	Always refactor after green
Multiple features at once	Loses focus	One feature per TDD cycle

Common Mistakes

Mistake: Asking Claude to "test" existing code.

# Wrong
"Write tests for the existing calculateTotal function"

# Right
"Write tests for calculateTotal behavior, assuming function doesn't exist.
Then we'll verify the existing implementation passes."

Mistake: Combining red and green phases.

# Wrong
"Implement calculateTotal with tests"

# Right
"Write failing tests for calculateTotal. Stop there."
[After tests written]
"Now implement to pass those tests."

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Advanced Patterns

Property-Based Testing

Write property-based tests for the sort function.
Properties to test:
- Output length equals input length
- All input elements exist in output
- Output is ordered
Use fast-check or similar library.

Mutation Testing

After tests pass, run mutation testing to find weak spots.
Identify tests that don't catch mutations.

Going further: JiTTesting applies mutation testing automatically at PR time: LLM-generated, ephemeral, zero maintenance. Meta deployed this at scale with 4x regression catch improvement over traditional tests. See Just-in-Time Catching Test Generation at Meta and the methodologies guide for the approximation pattern with Claude Code today.

TDD with Legacy Code

I need to refactor legacyFunction.
First, write characterization tests that capture current behavior.
Then we'll refactor with confidence.

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Example Session

User Request

Implement a URL shortener service with TDD.

Phase 1: Red

Let's use TDD. First, write failing tests for:
1. Shortening a URL returns a short code
2. Retrieving a short code returns original URL
3. Invalid URLs are rejected
4. Expired links return error

Do NOT implement anything yet.

Phase 2: Green

Tests are written and failing. Now implement the minimum
code to make them pass. Use an in-memory store for now.

Phase 3: Refactor

Tests pass. Now refactor:
- Extract URL validation to separate function
- Add proper error types
- Improve variable names

Run tests after each change to ensure they stay green.

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See Also

• ../core/methodologies.md: full methodology reference
• Tight Feedback Loops: Section 9.5
• examples/skills/tdd-workflow.md: TDD skill template
• Anthropic Best Practices
• task-management.md: track TDD cycles across sessions with Tasks API
• Superpowers: plugin suite that enforces TDD as a mandatory gate, code written before a failing test exists gets deleted and redone from scratch. Stricter enforcement than manual prompting.
• TDD avec Claude Code: a separate hands-on guide to the same workflow, in French